أسباب نزول سورة البقرة The reasons for the revelation of the Surah Al Baqarah

أسباب نزول سورة البقرة

The reasons for the revelation of the Surah Al Baqarah

تزامن نزول أول آيات سورة البقرة مع مقدم النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم المدينة المنورة؛ أي: بعد هجرته من وطنه الأول مكة المكرمة، وإنشاء أول دولة للمسلمين على تلك الأرض، وتأسيس أول وثيقة دستورية بين المسلمين واليهود القاطنين فيها آنذاك، ليتكوَّن ولأول مرة في جزيرة العرب دولة بها شعب متعدد الديانات على أرض واحدة، يعيش فيه اليهود والمسلمون على أرض واحدة، وكان أهل الكتاب يسكنون هذه البقعة من الأرض وحدهم قبل مقدم النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم والمهاجرين إليها واستقبال الأنصار لهم.

The revelation of the first verses of Surat Al-Baqarah coincided with the arrival of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, to Medina, that is, after his migration from his first homeland, Mecca, to the first state for Muslims on that land, and the establishment of the first constitutional document between Muslims and Jews living there, to form, for the first time in the Arabian Peninsula, a state with a multi-religious people. On one land, Jews and Muslims live on one land, and this people of the Scripture have been inhabiting this part of the earth alone before the arrival of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, and the immigrants who came there , when their supporters received them.

من هنا ظهرت المناسبة لأن تتحدث سورة البقرة عن بني إسرائيل باعتبارهم طرفًا أصيلًا في دولة المدينة المنورة، فلما قدم عليهم النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم بدين جديد، وتولَّى الزعامة عليهم، حسدوه، وكذلك حسده المنافقون، لما أُوتي الملك عليها دونهم، ولإدراك النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم ذلك سرعان ما بادر بوضع وتأسيس أول وثيقة دستورية بالمدينة المنورة، لتكون بمثابة الإطار التشريعي لتنظيم علاقة الدولة بالرعية، وعلاقة الأفراد بعضهم ببعض في أُطُر شتى سواء في العلاقات الاجتماعية أو الأسرية أو المالية والاقتصادية والتجارية.

Hence, the occasion appeared for taking about the sons of Israel as they were an original part in the state of Medina. When the Prophet, peace and blessings of God be upon him, came to them with a new religion and took the leadership over them, they envied him, and the hypocrites also envied him, when he was given kingship over it instead of them, and the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, quickly realized that. By establishing the first constitutional document in Medina, to serve as the legislative framework for regulating the relationship of the state with the citizens, and the relationship of individuals with each other in various frameworks, whether in social, family, financial, economic and commercial relations.

فنزلت آيات سورة البقرة لتواكب هذا التغيُّر الحادث في مراحل الدعوة الإسلامية، وتُبيِّن الأُسُس التي ينبغي أن يسير عليها النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم في بناء دولته، فابتدأت ببيان أصناف الناس في مجتمع المدينة المنورة من مسلمين ويهود ومنافقين، وهو المجتمع الذي ينشد بناء دولته على أُسُس راسخة، لترسم للمسلمين معالم دولتهم الجديدة، وتعالج مشكلاتهم الحالية.

So the verses of Surat Al-Baqarah were revealed to keep pace with this change occurring in the stages of the Islamic invitation, and to clarify the foundations upon which the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, should follow in building his state. So, it began by explaining the types of people in the society of Medina, including Muslims, Jews, and hypocrites, which is the society that seeks to build its state on solid foundations,also to delineates given the features of their new state , and treats their current problems.

فكان في ذكر قصة آدم عليه السلام واستخلافه في الأرض إيضاح للغاية من خلقه، كما كان في ذكر قصة طالوت وجالوت، وإتيان داود الملك استكمال لقصة آدم التي حكتها بداية السورة، ليكتمل مفهوم الخلافة في الأرض، والأخذ بأسباب التمكين.

Thus, mentioning the story of Adam, may God bless him and grant him peace, and his succession on earth clarified the essence of his creation, also the mentioning story of Taloot and Goliath, and the The coronation of King David, in completion of the story of Adam that was told at the beginning of the surah, to complete the concept of Caliphate on earth, and to take into account the reasons for empowerment.

ولم تزل آيات هذه السورة تتنزَّل على النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم وهو في المدينة المنورة منذ أن قدمها حتى آخر عهده بها، حتى نزلت فيها آخر آية من القرآن الكريم، فعن سعيد بن جبير قال: آخر ما نزل من القرآن كله ﴿ وَاتَّقُوا يَوْمًا تُرْجَعُونَ فِيهِ إِلَى اللَّهِ ثُمَّ تُوَفَّى كُلُّ نَفْسٍ مَا كَسَبَتْ وَهُمْ لَا يُظْلَمُونَ ﴾ [البقرة: 281]، وقد عاش النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم بعد نزول هذه الآية تسع ليالٍ، ثم مات يوم الاثنين، لليلتين خلتا من ربيع الأول[1]، قال ابن عباس: هذه آخر آية نزلت على النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم[2].

The verses of this Surah continued to be revealed to the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, while he was in Medina from the time he presented it until the end of his time there, until the last verse of the Holy Qur’an was revealed in it.

On the authority of Saeed bin Jubair, he said: The last thing that was revealed of the entire Qur’an: (And fear a day in which you will be returned to God, then “Every soul will be repaid for what it has earned, and they will not be wronged.” (Al-Baqarah: 281).

The Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, lived for nine nights after the revelation of this verse, then he died on Monday, for two nights that passed during Rabi’ al-Awwal. Ibn Abbas said, “This is the last verse that was revealed to the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace.”

فلم تزل آياتُها تتنَزَّل منذ أول العهد المدني إلى آخره، وظلَّت تضع لَبِنات أول دولة للمسلمين بقيادة النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم لتُبصِّرهم بالعقبات التي سوف تنتظرهم من أهل الكتاب، وما يكيدونه للمسلمين، وتعلمهم كيف يتعاملون معهم، وتحاول أن تصبرهم بالعفو عنهم دون أن تسمح بمساومتهم على أي أصل من أصول الإسلام أو فروعه، فرسمت لهذه الدولة إطارها العقائدي الذي يقوم على الخوف من الله والرجاء في الله، وتُحدِّد معنى الحب لله ليكون ترجمته الحقيقية اتِّباع الحق وعدم اتِّباع خطوات الشيطان.

Its verses continued to be revealed from the beginning of the civil era until its end, and it continued to lay the building blocks of the first state for Muslims under the leadership of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, to inform them of the obstacles that would await them from people of the Scripture, and what they were plotting against the Muslims, and to teach them how to deal with them, and to try to be patient with them by pardoning them without allowing them to bargain on any basis. From the origins of Islam or its branches, this verses established its ideological framework for this country that is based on fear and of God and hope in God, and defines the meaning of love for God so that its true translation is following the truth and not following the steps of Satan.

كما وضعت تصوُّرًا كاملًا لدولة المسلمين من خلال ترتيب مقاصد هذا الدين، فأظهرت ضرورة الحفاظ على العقيدة والشريعة والنفس البشرية والعقل والأسرة والمال، ليكتمل البناء الإيماني لهذا المجتمع، وتظل تتوارثه الأجيال المتعاقبة حتى يوم القيامة كما ورثته الأجيال السابقة من لدن آدم عليه السلام حتى نبي الله إبراهيم، واستمر الأمر على ذلك حتى نبي الله محمد صلى الله عليه وسلم، ولا تزال هذه الأمة تورِّث هذا الدين ولا تكتمه، خلافًا لما فعله بنو إسرائيل لما كتموا الحق وحرَّفوه وبدَّلوه، ونبذوه وراء ظهورهم، واتبعوا بعد ذلك كتب الشياطين وأفعال السحرة والمشعوذين.

It also conceptualized a complete vision for the Muslim state by arranging the purposes of this religion, and demonstrated the necessity of preserving the faith, the law, the human soul, the mind, the family, and money, so that the faith building of this society is accomplished, and it continues to be inherited by successive generations until the Day of Resurrection, just as previous generations inherited it from the time of Adam, peace be upon him, until the Prophet of God, Abraham. This continued until the Prophet of God Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace, and this nation continues to pass on this religion and does not conceal it, contrary to what the sons of Israel did when they concealed the truth, distorted it, changed it, and abandoned it behind their backs, and after that they followed the books of devils and the actions of sorcerers and charlatans.

قَالَ ابْنُ إسْحَاقَ: وَكَتَبَ رَسُولُ اللّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ كِتَابًا بَيْنَ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَالْأَنْصَارِ، وَادَعَ فِيهِ يَهُودَ وَعَاهَدَهُمْ وَأَقَرَّهُمْ عَلَى دِينِهِمْ وَأَمْوَالِهِمْ، وَشَرَطَ لَهُمْ وَاشْتَرَطَ عَلَيْهِمْ.

Ibn Ishaq said: And the Messenger of God, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, wrote a book between the immigrants And their supportants, and he reconcile with the JewsAnd he approved them of their religion and their wealth. He made a condition for them and made a condition upon them.

بِسْمِ اللّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ هَذَا كِتَابٌ مِنْ مُحَمَّدٍ النَّبِيّ صلى الله عليه وسلم، بَيْنَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ وَالْمُسْلِمِينَ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ وَيَثْرِبَ، وَمَنْ تَبِعَهُمْ فَلَحِقَ بِهِمْ وَجَاهَدَ مَعَهُمْ، إنَّهُمْ أُمَّةٌ وَاحِدَةٌ مِنْ دُونِ النَّاسِ.

In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. This is a letter from the Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace, between the believers and Muslims of the Quraysh and Yathrib.

and who followed them and joined them and struggled with them. They were one nation, apart from the people...

وَإِنَّ الْيَهُودَ يُنْفِقُونَ مَعَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ مَا دَامُوا مُحَاربِينَ، وَإِنَّ يَهُودَ بَنِي عَوْفٍ أُمَّةٌ مَعَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، لِلْيَهُودِ دِينُهُمْ، وَلِلْمُسْلِمَيْنِ دِينُهُمْ ومَوَالِيهِمْ وَأَنْفُسُهُمْ إلَّا مَنْ ظَلَمَ وَأَثِمَ؛ فَإِنَّهُ لَا يُوتِغُ إلَّا نَفْسَهُ وَأَهْلَ بَيْتِهِ، وَإِنَّ لِيَهُودِ بَنِي النَّجَّار مِثْلَ مَا لِيَهُودِ بَنِي عَوْفٍ، وَإِنَّ لِيَهُودِ بَنِي ... مِثْلَ مَا لِيَهُودِ بَنِي عَوْف، وَإِنَّ لِيَهُودِ بَنِي ... مِثْلَ مَا لِيَهُودِ بَنِي عَوْف..إلخ إلَّا مَنْ ظَلَمَ وَأَثِمَ فَإِنَّهُ لَا يُوتِغُ إلَّا نَفْسَهُ وَأَهْلَ بَيْتِهِ ....

And the Jews will spend with the believers as long as they are at war, and the Jews of Bani Awf will be a nation with the believers. The Jews have their religion and the Muslims have their religion And to them and to themselves, except he who is unjust and sinful, for he does not harm anyone but himself and his family. Indeed, the Jews of Banu Al-Najjar have a similarity to the Jews of Banu Awf The Jews of Banu... have What belongs to the Jews of Bani Awf, and indeed to the Jews of Bani Awf is the same as what the Jews of Bani Awf have..etc. Unless he is unjust and sinful, then he does not harm anyone but himself and his household ....;

وَإِنَّ عَلَى الْيَهُودِ نَفَقَتَهُمْ وَالنَّصِيحَةَ وَالْبِرَّ دُونَ الْإِثْمِ، وَإِنَّهُ لَمْ يَأْثَمْ امْرُؤٌ بِحَلِيفِهِ، وَإِنَّ النَّصْرَ لِلْمَظْلُومِ، وَإِنَّ الْيَهُودَ يُنْفِقُونَ مَعَ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ مَا دَامُوا مُحَاربِينَ .... .إلخ

And the Jews are responsible for their maintenance, advice, and righteousness without sin, and no man commits sin against his ally, and victory is for the oppressed, and the Jews spend With the believers as long as they are warriors...etc.